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- From: leech@mahler.cs.unc.edu (Jon Leech)
- Newsgroups: sci.astro,sci.space,news.answers
- Subject: Space FAQ 04/15 - Calculations
- Keywords: Frequently Asked Questions
- Message-ID: <math_723318189@cs.unc.edu>
- Date: 2 Dec 92 17:43:15 GMT
- Expires: 6 Jan 93 17:43:09 GMT
- References: <diffs_723318039@cs.unc.edu>
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- Archive-name: space/math
- Last-modified: $Date: 92/12/02 12:34:43 $
-
- PERFORMING CALCULATIONS AND INTERPRETING DATA FORMATS
-
- COMPUTING SPACECRAFT ORBITS AND TRAJECTORIES
-
- References that have been frequently recommended on the net are:
-
- "Fundamentals of Astrodynamics" Roger Bate, Donald Mueller, Jerry White
- 1971, Dover Press, 455pp $8.95 (US) (paperback). ISBN 0-486-60061-0
-
- NASA Spaceflight handbooks (dating from the 1960s)
- SP-33 Orbital Flight Handbook (3 parts)
- SP-34 Lunar Flight Handbook (3 parts)
- SP-35 Planetary Flight Handbook (9 parts)
-
- These might be found in university aeronautics libraries or ordered
- through the US Govt. Printing Office (GPO), although more
- information would probably be needed to order them.
-
- M. A. Minovitch, _The Determination and Characteristics of Ballistic
- Interplanetary Trajectories Under the Influence of Multiple Planetary
- Attractions_, Technical Report 32-464, Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
- Pasadena, Calif., Oct, 1963.
-
- The title says all. Starts of with the basics and works its way up.
- Very good. It has a companion article:
-
- M. Minovitch, _Utilizing Large Planetary Perubations for the Design of
- Deep-Space Solar-Probe and Out of Ecliptic Trajectories_, Technical
- Report 32-849, JPL, Pasadena, Calif., 1965.
-
- You need to read the first one first to realy understand this one.
- It does include a _short_ summary if you can only find the second.
-
- Contact JPL for availability of these reports.
-
- "Spacecraft Attitude Dynamics", Peter C. Hughes 1986, John Wiley and
- Sons.
-
- "Celestial Mechanics: a computational guide for the practitioner",
- Lawrence G. Taff, (Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1985).
-
- Starts with the basics (2-body problem, coordinates) and works up to
- orbit determinations, perturbations, and differential corrections.
- Taff also briefly discusses stellar dynamics including a short
- discussion of n-body problems.
-
-
- COMPUTING PLANETARY POSITIONS
-
- More net references:
-
- Van Flandern & Pullinen, _Low-Precision Formulae for Planetary
- Positions_, Astrophysical J. Supp Series, 41:391-411, 1979. Look in an
- astronomy or physics library for this; also said to be available from
- Willmann-Bell.
-
- Gives series to compute positions accurate to 1 arc minute for a
- period + or - 300 years from now. Pluto is included but stated to
- have an accuracy of only about 15 arc minutes.
-
- _Interactive Computer Ephemeris_ (from the US Naval Observatory)
- distributed on IBM-PC floppy disks, $35 (Willmann-Bell). Covers dates
- 1800-2049.
-
- "Planetary Programs and Tables from -4000 to +2800", Bretagnon & Simon
- 1986, Willmann-Bell.
-
- Floppy disks available separately.
-
- "Fundamentals of Celestial Mechanics" (2nd ed), J.M.A. Danby 1988,
- Willmann-Bell.
-
- A good fundamental text. Includes BASIC programs; a companion set of
- floppy disks is available separately.
-
- "Astronomical Formulae for Calculators" (4th ed.), J. Meeus 1988,
- Willmann-Bell.
-
- "Astronomical Algorithms", J. Meeus 1991, Willmann-Bell.
-
- If you actively use one of the editions of "Astronomical Formulae
- for Calculators", you will want to replace it with "Astronomical
- Algorithms". This new book is more oriented towards computers than
- calculators and contains formulae for planetary motion based on
- modern work by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the U.S. Naval
- Observatory, and the Bureau des Longitudes. The previous books were
- all based on formulae mostly developed in the last century.
-
- Algorithms available separately on diskette.
-
- "Practical Astronomy with your Calculator" (3rd ed.), P. Duffett-Smith
- 1988, Cambridge University Press.
-
- "Orbits for Amateurs with a Microcomputer", D. Tattersfield 1984,
- Stanley Thornes, Ltd.
-
- Includes example programs in BASIC.
-
- "Orbits for Amateurs II", D. Tattersfield 1987, John Wiley & Sons.
-
- "Astronomy / Scientific Software" - catalog of shareware, public domain,
- and commercial software for IBM and other PCs. Astronomy software
- includes planetarium simulations, ephemeris generators, astronomical
- databases, solar system simulations, satellite tracking programs,
- celestial mechanics simulators, and more.
-
- Andromeda Software, Inc.
- P.O. Box 605
- Amherst, NY 14226-0605
-
-
- COMPUTING CRATER DIAMETERS FROM EARTH-IMPACTING ASTEROIDS
-
- Astrogeologist Gene Shoemaker proposes the following formula, based on
- studies of cratering caused by nuclear tests.
-
- (1/3.4)
- D = S S c K W : crater diameter in km
- g p f n
-
- (1/6)
- S = (g /g ) : gravity correction factor for bodies other than
- g e t Earth, where g = 9.8 m/s^2 and g is the surface
- e t
- gravity of the target body. This scaling is
- cited for lunar craters and may hold true for
- other bodies.
-
- (1/3.4)
- S = (p / p ) : correction factor for target density p ,
- p a t t
- p = 1.8 g/cm^3 for alluvium at the Jangle U
- a
- crater site, p = 2.6 g/cm^3 for average
- rock on the continental shields.
-
- C : crater collapse factor, 1 for craters <= 3 km
- in diameter, 1.3 for larger craters (on Earth).
-
- (1/3.4)
- K : .074 km / (kT TNT equivalent)
- n empirically determined from the Jangle U
- nuclear test crater.
-
- 3 2 19
- W = pi * d * delta * V / (12 * 4.185 * 10 )
- : projectile kinetic energy in kT TNT equivalent
- given diameter d, velocity v, and projectile
- density delta in CGS units. delta of around 3
- g/cm^3 is fairly good for an asteroid.
-
- An RMS velocity of V = 20 km/sec may be used for Earth-crossing
- asteroids.
-
- Under these assumptions, the body which created the Barringer Meteor
- Crater in Arizona (1.13 km diameter) would have been about 40 meters in
- diameter.
-
- More generally, one can use (after Gehrels, 1985):
-
- Asteroid Number of objects Impact probability Impact energy
- diameter (km) (impacts/year) (* 5*10^20 ergs)
-
- 10 10 10^-8 10^9
- 1 1 000 10^-6 10^6
- 0.1 100 000 10^-4 10^3
-
- assuming simple scaling laws. Note that 5*10^20 ergs = 13 000 tons TNT
- equivalent, or the energy released by the Hiroshima A-bomb.
-
- References:
-
- Gehrels, T. 1985 Asteroids and comets. _Physics Today_ 38, 32-41. [an
- excellent general overview of the subject for the layman]
-
- Shoemaker, E.M. 1983 Asteroid and comet bombardment of the earth. _Ann.
- Rev. Earth Planet. Sci._ 11, 461-494. [very long and fairly
- technical but a comprehensive examination of the
- subject]
-
- Shoemaker, E.M., J.G. Williams, E.F. Helin & R.F. Wolfe 1979
- Earth-crossing asteroids: Orbital classes, collision rates with
- Earth, and origin. In _Asteroids_, T. Gehrels, ed., pp. 253-282,
- University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
-
- Cunningham, C.J. 1988 _Introduction to Asteroids: The Next Frontier_
- (Richmond: Willman-Bell, Inc.) [covers all aspects of asteroid
- studies and is an excellent introduction to the subject for people
- of all experience levels. It also has a very extensive reference
- list covering essentially all of the reference material in the
- field.]
-
-
- MAP PROJECTIONS AND SPHERICAL TRIGNOMETRY
-
- Two easy-to-find sources of map projections are the "Encyclopaedia
- Brittanica", (particularly the older volumes) and a tutorial appearing
- in _Graphics Gems_ (Academic Press, 1990). The latter was written with
- simplicity of exposition and suitability of digital computation in mind
- (spherical trig formulae also appear, as do digitally-plotted examples).
-
- More than you ever cared to know about map projections is in John
- Snyder's USGS publication "Map Projections--A Working Manual", USGS
- Professional Paper 1395. This contains detailed descriptions of 32
- projections, with history, features, projection formulas (for both
- spherical earth and ellipsoidal earth), and numerical test cases. It's a
- neat book, all 382 pages worth. This one's $20.
-
- You might also want the companion volume, by Snyder and Philip Voxland,
- "An Album of Map Projections", USGS Professional Paper 1453. This
- contains less detail on about 130 projections and variants. Formulas are
- in the back, example plots in the front. $14, 250 pages.
-
- You can order these 2 ways. The cheap, slow way is direct from USGS:
- Earth Science Information Center, US Geological Survey, 507 National
- Center, Reston, VA 22092. (800)-USA-MAPS. They can quote you a price and
- tell you where to send your money. Expect a 6-8 week turnaround time.
-
- A much faster way (about 1 week) is through Timely Discount Topos,
- (303)-469-5022, 9769 W. 119th Drive, Suite 9, Broomfield, CO 80021. Call
- them and tell them what you want. They'll quote a price, you send a
- check, and then they go to USGS Customer Service Counter and pick it up
- for you. Add about a $3-4 service charge, plus shipping.
-
- A (perhaps more accessible) mapping article is:
-
- R. Miller and F. Reddy, "Mapping the World in Pascal",
- Byte V12 #14, December 1987
-
- Contains Turbo Pascal procedures for five common map projections. A
- demo program, CARTOG.PAS, and a small (6,000 point) coastline data
- is available on CompuServe, GEnie, and many BBSs.
-
- Some references for spherical trignometry are:
-
- _Spherical Astronomy_, W.M. Smart, Cambridge U. Press, 1931.
-
- _A Compendium of Spherical Astronomy_, S. Newcomb, Dover, 1960.
-
- _Spherical Astronomy_, R.M. Green, Cambridge U. Press., 1985 (update
- of Smart).
-
- _Spherical Astronomy_, E Woolard and G.Clemence, Academic
- Press, 1966.
-
-
- PERFORMING N-BODY SIMULATIONS EFFICIENTLY
-
- "Computer Simulation Using Particles"
- R. W. Hockney and J. W. Eastwood
- (Adam Hilger; Bristol and Philadelphia; 1988)
-
- "The rapid evaluation of potential fields in particle systems",
- L. Greengard
- MIT Press, 1988.
-
- A breakthrough O(N) simulation method. Has been parallelized.
-
- L. Greengard and V. Rokhlin, "A fast algorithm for particle
- simulations," Journal of Computational Physics, 73:325-348, 1987.
-
- "An O(N) Algorithm for Three-dimensional N-body Simulations", MSEE
- thesis, Feng Zhao, MIT AILab Technical Report 995, 1987
-
- "Galactic Dynamics"
- J. Binney & S. Tremaine
- (Princeton U. Press; Princeton; 1987)
-
- Includes an O(N^2) FORTRAN code written by Aarseth, a pioneer in
- the field.
-
- Hierarchical (N log N) tree methods are described in these papers:
-
- A. W. Appel, "An Efficient Program for Many-body Simulation", SIAM
- Journal of Scientific and Statistical Computing, Vol. 6, p. 85,
- 1985.
-
- Barnes & Hut, "A Hierarchical O(N log N) Force-Calculation
- Algorithm", Nature, V324 # 6096, 4-10 Dec 1986.
-
- L. Hernquist, "Hierarchical N-body Methods", Computer Physics
- Communications, Vol. 48, p. 107, 1988.
-
-
- INTERPRETING THE FITS IMAGE FORMAT
-
- If you just need to examine FITS images, use the ppm package (see the
- comp.graphics FAQ) to convert them to your preferred format. Failing
- that, the basic reference for FITS may be found in the following 3
- papers:
-
- Wells, D. C., Greisen, E. W., and Harten, R. H., "FITS: a
- flexible image transport system," Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Supplement Series, 44, 363-370, 1981.
-
- Grosbol, P., Harten, R. H., Greisen, E. W., and Wells, D. C.,
- "Generalized extensions and blocking factors for FITS,"
- Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, 73, 359-364, 1988
-
- Harten, R. H., Grosbol. P., Greisen, E. W., and Wells, D. C.,
- "The FITS tables extension, Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Supplement Series, 73, 365-372, 1988.
-
- A DRAFT document describing FITS and the Floating Point Agreement
- defining FP storage formats is available by anonymous FTP from
- nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov (128.183.36.23). Get ANON_DIR:[FITS]README.;1 to
- begin with. There are known to be errors and ambiguities in this
- document, so it should not be used as a fundamental reference. Questions
- should be sent by email to the FITS support office
- (bschlesinger@nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov) or telephone at (301)-513-1634
-
- A FORTRAN library for reading and writing FITS files is available by
- anonymous FTP from tetra.gsfc.nasa.gov (128.183.8.77) in directory
- pub/fitsio3. Contact the author, William Pence
- (pence@tetra.gsfc.nasa.gov) for more details.
-
-
- SKY (UNIX EPHEMERIS PROGRAM)
-
- The 6th Edition of the Unix operating system came with several software
- systems not distributed because of older media capacity limitations.
- Included were an ephmeris, a satellite track, and speech synthesis
- software. The ephmeris, sky(6), is available within AT&T and to sites
- possessing a Unix source code license. The program is regarded as Unix
- source code. Sky is <0.5MB. Send proof of source code license to
-
- E. Miya
- MS 258-5
- NASA Ames Research Center
- Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000
- eugene@orville.nas.nasa.gov
-
-
- THREE-DIMENSIONAL STAR/GALAXY COORDINATES
-
- To generate 3D coordinates of astronomical objects, first obtain an
- astronomical database which specifies right ascension, declination, and
- parallax for the objects. Convert parallax into distance using the
- formula in part 6 of the FAQ, convert RA and declination to coordinates
- on a unit sphere (see some of the references on planetary positions and
- spherical trignometry earlier in this section for details on this), and
- scale this by the distance.
-
- Two databases useful for this purpose are the Yale Bright Star catalog
- (sources listed in FAQ section 3) or "The Catalogue of Stars within 25
- parsecs of the Sun" (in pub/SPACE/FAQ/stars.data and stars.doc on
- ames.arc.nasa.gov).
-
-
- NEXT: FAQ #5/15 - References on specific areas
-